ࡱ> pro[ ,Gbjbj 4dΐΐ?%=====QQQ8\QR"###QQQQQQQSRVzQ=Q==##QX=#=#QQJXN#*oSQpK(QQ0R%LVL|VPNNtV=%Op  ,XQQJRV :  Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies FY2009 National Institutes of Health Appropriations Introduction Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, I am Eve Marder, Ph.D., president of the (SfN) and the Victor and Gwendolyn Beinfield Professor of at Brandeis University. It is my honor to submit this testimony on behalf of SfN in support of the National Institutes of Health. My research focuses on understanding how circuit function arises from the intrinsic properties of individual neurons and their synaptic connections. Of particular interest is the extent to which similar circuit outputs can be generated by multiple mechanisms, both in different individual animals, or in the same animal over its lifetime. To address this, my lab studies the central pattern generating circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, such as those found in crabs and lobsters. Central pattern generators are groups of neurons found in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems responsible for the generation of specific rhythmic behaviors such as walking, swimming, and breathing. I am the recipient of federal research and training support from the National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation. FY2009 Budget Request I respectfully request that Congress commit to continuing to expand the nations investment in medical research by increasing the NIH budget by $1.9 billion in FY2009. This recommended increase would match biomedical inflation with 3 percent added to account for real growth. The Administrations request of $29.2 billion for NIH in FY2009 represents the sixth consecutive year that the Presidents proposed budget for the NIH has failed to keep pace with biomedical inflation. In that period, a combination of minimal increases and cuts has resulted in an approximately 11 percent decline in the agencys purchasing power due to inflation. If the Presidents FY2009 request becomes law, NIH will have lost 13.4 percent of its purchasing power due to inflation, undermining the value of the increases gained when Congress doubled the NIH budget. This recommendation, supported across the research and patient advocacy communities, would increase NIHs budget by 6.5 percent, halting the erosion of the nations medical research effort, and allowing the worlds pre-eminent research enterprise to accelerate the momentum of discovery to improve the health and quality of life for millions of Americans. NIH-funded research is driving the transformation of science, medicine and health care. At a time of unparalleled scientific opportunities and unprecedented health challenges, NIH must be given the resources to continue to move forward, not stand in place. What is the ? The is a nonprofit membership organization of basic scientists and physicians who study the brain and nervous system. Recognizing the field's tremendous potential, the Society was formed in 1969 with less than 500 members. Today, SfNs membership numbers more than 38,000 and it is the world's largest organization of scientists devoted to the study of the brain. Our member neuroscientists work to describe the human brain and how it functions normally, determine how the nervous system develops, matures and maintains itself through life; and improve treatment and prevention of many devastating neurological and psychiatric disorders. is a unified field that integrates biology, chemistry, and physics with studies of structure, physiology, and behavior, including human emotional and cognitive functions. research includes genes and other molecules that are the basis for the nervous system, individual neurons, and ensembles of neurons that make up systems and behavior. SfN is devoted to education about the latest advances in brain research, and to raising awareness of the need to make neuroscience research a funding priority. NIH-Funded Research Successes Lead to Health Advances Today, scientists have a greatly improved understanding of how the brain functions thanks to NIH-funded research. To illustrate this progress, SfN has created a 36-part series, called Brain Research Success Stories, which discusses some of the progress that has resulted from federal funding for biomedical research during the period of the doubling. The successes in neuroscience research outlined below would not have been possible without NIH funding, but future discoveries are threatened by eroding funds. Sustained, consistent and predictable NIH support is essential to fully exploring the possible advances unearthed by this exciting research. Depression Depression is one of the most common and costly brain diseases, afflicting 18.8 million adults in the United States each year about 10 percent of the countrys population over the age of 18. Depressed people are at increased risk for substance abuse, suicide, eating disorders, and illnesses like heart disease and stroke. Depression is also a drain on the economy. It costs $44 billion in lost productivity in the United States every year. The National Institute of Mental Health now lists depression as the countrys leading cause of disability. Over the past ten years, research funded by NIH has led to a new generation of antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that produce fewer serious side effects, and more recently, scientists are discovering potentially powerful strategies for entirely new classes of antidepressants. With continued NIH funding, scientists will uncover how these new drugs, sometimes in combination with psychotherapy, can dramatically improve the depressed brains functioning. Investigations into brain stimulation, brain imaging, and genetics promise to yield better treatments for depression. Traumatic Brain Injury Whether it is from a slip on the ice, a crash into the windshield, or a blast from an improvised explosive device, each year an estimated 1.5 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Characterized by a sudden blow to the head, this type of injury can brutally damage the brain and its functioning, resulting in acute impairment of consciousness, or visual, motor, or sensory deficits. While patients with these symptoms often recover partially or even completely, those with even mild to moderate TBI can later develop epilepsy or related disorders. In fact, TBI is a leading cause of disability among American children and young adults. Recent research also has shown that TBI may increase a persons risk for future development of Alzheimers disease. Research funded by NIH will lead to new strategies that could take direct action against the injury and create much greater improvement in patient care. Techniques that hold promise include the use of transplanted neural stem cells and imaging tests that can identify brain tissue swelling, allowing early medical intervention. Continued funding for research could help scientists develop new therapies that reverse brain damage and significantly improve the lives of Americans. Parkinsons Disease - Recent advances in understanding the causes of Parkinsons disease, and the possibility of new treatment options, have brought a renewed sense of optimism that Parkinsons disease can be treated more effectively. Current research programs funded by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke are using animal models to study how the disease progresses and to develop new drug therapies. Scientists looking for the cause of PD continue to search for possible environmental factors, such as toxins, that may trigger the disorder, and study genetic factors to determine how defective genes play a role. Other scientists are working to develop new protective drugs that can delay, prevent, or reverse the disease. Research on deep brain stimulation is a potentially revolutionary therapeutic approach that is being explored as a treatment for Parkinsons and other diseases and disorders. As scientists search for new treatments and a possible cure for Parkinsons disease, they are finding that this illness shares much with several other diseases and conditions, such as depression, Alzheimers disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntingtons disease. Basic research examining gene mutations, cell death, and how to repair damaged cells has been essential to discovering these commonalities. With continued funding, scientists will be able to follow those paths and bring about the medical advances needed to halt the progression of Parkinsons and diseases with similar traits. Epilepsy Researchers supported by NIH are studying potential antiepileptic drugs with the goal of enhancing treatment for epilepsy. Scientists continue to study how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve firing and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures and are working to identify genes that may influence epilepsy. This information may allow doctors to prevent epilepsy or to predict which treatments will be most beneficial. Doctors are now experimenting with several new types of therapies for epilepsy, including transplanting fetal pig neurons into the brains of patients to learn whether cell transplants can help control seizures, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures up to 3 minutes before they begin. Funding is needed to pursue patient-oriented research, developmental neurobiology, genetics, advanced technology, imaging, pharmacotherapeutics, and other disciplines to develop innovative research proposals related to the field of epilepsy. Basic Research Fundamental Science Continued investment in basic research funded by NIH is also essential to ensuring discoveries that will inspire scientific pursuit and medical progress for future generations. Basic research advances scientific knowledge and medical innovation by expanding understanding of the structure and function of molecules, genes, cells, systems and complex behaviors. Clinical researchers often use these fundamental findings to identify new applications that lead to medical treatments. Plasticity and Alzheimers Disease Researchers in the 1960s wanted to understand more about growth and repair in the adult brain and conducted a number of experiments with rodents to help illuminate these processes. They made an amazing and unexpected discovery: newly created cells that later became neurons, or brain cells. This process, called neurogenesis, is just one example of how plastic or adaptable the brain is. With this knowledge, researchers are investigating how normal aging, as well as neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease, affect that adaptability, and how we can maintain health brain function as we age. Future research may one day allow scientists to capture the adult brains enormous capacity to adapt in order to help prevent, or perhaps even reverse, memory-robbing Alzheimer disease. Light-activated Molecules The discovery of a new class of proteins from algae molecules is now enabling scientists to develop new tools to explore how specific types of nerve cells are interconnected and how they function in circuits in the brain. These molecules, called channelrhodopsins, can be used to effectively turn electrical activity in cells on and off with light. The new application allows researchers to use light to study and even manipulate brain activity, and could result someday in improved therapies that target only diseased cells and avoid unwanted side effects in disorders such as Parkinsons, depression, chronic pain, and epilepsy. Central pattern generators and spinal cord recovery Central pattern generators are circuits in the brainstem and spinal cord that generate rhythmic movements such as breathing and walking. Studies on central pattern generators in animals after spinal cord injury first suggested the importance of weight-assisted treadmill and bicycle training for spinal cord injured patients. These methods, together with advances in understanding the molecular control of regeneration and regrowth in the spinal cord, should lead to significant improvements in the outcomes of individuals with spinal cord injury. The Pipeline of New Researchers Five consecutive years of flat funding the NIH budget is deterring promising young researchers. A recent report issued by a consortium of leading research universities and a major teaching hospital A Broken Pipeline? Flat Funding of the NIH Puts a Generation of Science at Risk warns that America stands to lose a generation of young researchers and the cures they could discover if current NIH funding trends continue. The NIH budget constraints compromise all sections of the academic research pipeline. The overall success rate for NIH research project grants dropped from 32 percent in 1999 to 24 percent in 2007, meaning that more than three of every four research proposals are not funded. Undergraduate and graduate students watch their mentors struggling for funding, and are opting out of science as a career. Extremely productive senior investigators are forced to fire long-term research personnel, often compromising the transmission of important laboratory methods. Even if those investigators are refunded 6 months or a year later, the damage to the research enterprise may long outlast the time course of the lapsed funding, because of loss of momentum and loss of crucial trained laboratory personnel. In the past year, NIH has been very proactive to ensure that a number of first-time investigators are funded, even with the very restricted resources available. However, young investigators remain extremely vulnerable at the time of their first grant renewal. During the past year or two many investigators have been spending significantly more time writing, rewriting and reviewing grant applications, and consequently doing less actual science. The cost of the loss of productivity due to the grant squeeze is difficult to calculate, but is considerable. This squeeze on the research workforce impacts the nations economic vitality globally, as the United States fights to retain its competitive edge in scientific and technological sectors. In fact, 70 percent of Americans believe the U.S. is losing its global competitive edge in science, technology, and innovation, according to a Research!America poll. We are especially concerned that the U.S. may soon no longer be the source of the basic and translational science that fosters advances in medicine. Also, decreases in the science workforce could have a deleterious effect on local and state economies, as universities and research institutions are the largest employers in some communities. The dollars brought in by these institutions help to spur growth in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, device and imaging manufacturing, and other industries. Conclusion The brain is the most complex living structure known in the universe. advances our understanding of the brain and nervous system. This enables us to better understand human behavior from how we learn to why people have trouble getting along together and to discover ways to prevent or cure many devastating brain disorders. The more than 1,000 disorders of the brain and nervous system result in more hospitalizations than any other disease group, including heart disease and cancer. As SfN members continue to pursue exciting new avenues of research and make amazing breakthroughs everyday, I urge Congress not to limit these innovations and revelations by providing inadequate federal funding. Sustained, healthy increases for the National Institutes of Health that keep up with inflation are essential to neuroscientists who conduct the research that advances scientific understanding and leads to health improvements urgently needed by countless Americans. Thank you for the opportunity to submit this testimony.     PAGE  PAGE 1   7 x z {   1 P ·uuuj_jTjIjIh)k*hl'CJaJh)k*hs,CJaJh)k*h0CJaJh)k*h$MCJaJh)k*hACJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hyE1CJaJh)k*hswCJaJh)k*hl:CJaJh)k*hJpCJaJh)k*h4CJaJh)k*h:yCJaJh)k*h:y5>*CJaJh)k*hc+w5CJaJh)k*hs,5CJaJh)k*hl:5CJaJ I J ` ?CA$3*<.=.b. $ & Fa$gd{\ $ & Fa$gd0;$a$gd0;$a$gdl: ' , G H I J P ` b t`g%)1Z\xƸԗԌvkkch{n0CJaJh)k*hTtCJaJh)k*hhyCJaJh)k*hl'CJaJh)k*h3HCJaJh)k*hs,CJaJh)k*hACJaJh)k*hWCJaJh)k*hl'5>*CJaJh)k*hs,5>*CJaJh)k*h$MCJaJh)k*h)k*CJaJh)k*h {CJaJh)k*hCJaJ&=sx{2GJS[km? Txz߶|qqqffh)k*h.?CJaJh)k*hnCJaJh)k*hACJaJh)k*h)lCJaJh)k*h5>*CJaJh)k*hWCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*h0CJaJh)k*hr CJaJh{n0CJaJh)k*h3HCJaJh)k*h$MCJaJh)k*hTtCJaJ%CWy|%AƸ}rgrg\PDh)k*h+6CJaJh)k*h6CJaJh)k*h0CJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hTtCJaJh)k*hr CJaJh)k*h,6CJaJh)k*hIUUCJaJh)k*h,CJaJh)k*h0;5>*CJaJh)k*h5>*CJaJh)k*hp5>*CJaJh)k*hmCJaJh)k*hiCJaJh)k*h)lCJaJh)k*h"CJaJ8=zCZ[\fh !!!!!!~shss]Rh)k*h6DCJaJh)k*h*5CJaJh)k*hr CJaJh)k*hlkCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*h {CJaJh)k*h!CJaJh)k*hYFCJaJh)k*h!6CJaJh)k*hsCJaJh OCJaJh)k*hlCJaJh)k*h'&CJaJh)k*hBYCJaJh)k*h0CJaJh)k*h+CJaJ!G"^"_"`"w""Z#_###$2$6$A$M$N$T$$$-%+''''q((((((((((((Զԫ}rg\\\h)k*h,%CJaJh)k*hk1CJaJh)k*hc+wCJaJh)k*hr CJaJh)k*hlkCJaJh)k*hv`6CJaJh)k*hlk6CJaJh)k*hcBMCJaJh)k*hv`CJaJh)k*h {CJaJh{n0CJaJh)k*h,@CJaJh)k*hSCJaJh)k*hSCJaJh)k*h{\CJaJ$((() )x)y)))))2*3*;*<*=*>*****-;.<.=.b.//00#0B0C0D0ɽɲɲɑxpph`Uh)k*hTCJaJhyE1CJaJhTCJaJh{n0CJaJh)k*hyE15>*CJaJh)k*hyE1CJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hU6CJaJh)k*hc+wCJaJh)k*hv`CJaJh)k*hlk6CJaJh)k*hlkCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*h*5CJaJh)k*h{\CJaJh)k*h,%CJaJ!b.C0D036w8x88C:D:??BBBDDFFGG G G GGGG$a$gd S $ & Fa$gd)l$a$gd0;D0f0l1s1333333~444445`5~556N6Q67v8w8x8|88889ݻ诧rdYNh)k*hc+wCJaJh)k*h;CJaJh)k*h;5>*䴳)*+5>*䴳)*<\5>*CJaJh)k*hS5>*CJaJh)k*hBACJaJh OCJaJh)k*hXq6CJaJh)k*hXqCJaJh)k*hr CJaJh)k*h {6CJaJh)k*h {CJaJh)k*hyE1CJaJh)k*hyE16CJaJ99^9a9999C:S:y::; ;;X;Z;=\>b>i>l>>>???@@$@)@S@@@@AABOBBBBȽȽȲzoh)k*hlCJaJh)k*h S6CJaJh)k*h SCJaJh)k*h1CJaJh)k*hiCJaJh)k*hBACJaJh)k*hm!CJaJh)k*hcCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hc+wCJaJh)k*ha6CJaJh)k*hTtCJaJh)k*haCJaJ(BBCcCdCgCCCCCCCD[E`EiEmEEEEEF F1FEFFFFFFFGGG G G G GGGGGGGG糨|v|v h10Jjh10JUhejheUh)k*hLCJaJh)k*hPCJaJh)k*hlCJaJh)k*hCJaJh)k*hhBCJaJhQlCJaJh)k*hHCJaJh)k*hOCCJaJh)k*hVCJaJh)k*hV5>*CJaJ,GGGGG(G)G*G+G,G$a$gd0; &`#$gd[ GGG$G%G&G'G(G*G+G,Gh)k*hLCJaJheh{n00JmHnHu h10Jjh10JUh1 21h:pA/ =!"#$% ^ 2 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH @`@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA`D Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k (No List HH P Balloon TextCJOJQJ^JaJB^@B m Normal (Web)dd[$\$4 @4 D8Footer  !.)@!. D8 Page Number@2@ SNumbered,Left:  & FB'AB ) Comment ReferenceCJaJ<R< ) Comment TextCJaJ:a: ) Comment Text Char@jQR@ ) Comment Subject5\FbF ) Comment Subject Char5\PK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-MniP@I}úama[إ4:lЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! I_TS 1?E??ZBΪmU/?~xY'y5g&΋/ɋ>GMGeD3Vq%'#q$8K)fw9:ĵ x}rxwr:\TZaG*y8IjbRc|XŻǿI u3KGnD1NIBs RuK>V.EL+M2#'fi ~V vl{u8zH *:(W☕ ~JTe\O*tHGHY}KNP*ݾ˦TѼ9/#A7qZ$*c?qUnwN%Oi4 =3ڗP 1Pm \\9Mؓ2aD];Yt\[x]}Wr|]g- eW )6-rCSj id DЇAΜIqbJ#x꺃 6k#ASh&ʌt(Q%p%m&]caSl=X\P1Mh9MVdDAaVB[݈fJíP|8 քAV^f Hn- "d>znNJ ة>b&2vKyϼD:,AGm\nziÙ.uχYC6OMf3or$5NHT[XF64T,ќM0E)`#5XY`פ;%1U٥m;R>QD DcpU'&LE/pm%]8firS4d 7y\`JnίI R3U~7+׸#m qBiDi*L69mY&iHE=(K&N!V.KeLDĕ{D vEꦚdeNƟe(MN9ߜR6&3(a/DUz<{ˊYȳV)9Z[4^n5!J?Q3eBoCM m<.vpIYfZY_p[=al-Y}Nc͙ŋ4vfavl'SA8|*u{-ߟ0%M07%<ҍPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 +_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] ,? d $$$' !(D09BG,G$&'()*+-./1b.G,G%,0  '!!8@0(  B S  ?$-?-?>*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PersonName h???? ? ? ? ?????*?-?S(f(88???? ? ? ? ?????*?-?33J`x00::???? ? ? ? ?????*?-?==BB,,GIx { 11hhwZ_cc ''''((B(C(s)s)++++++~,~,,,r-r-~-~---N.Q.X.X.t0t0w0w0C2C266::::;;;<????? ? ? ? ?????*?-?#zZ캔yhSVW+JdpZ@t]^QAܻgeEX?"UG"0eG_@gBGĝ 0HDUpI*l` dIWd Nz]$NK0k0:W\XkHQ{rG]|bh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh` ` ^` `OJQJo(hHh0 0 ^0 `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHhpp^p`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh@@^@`OJQJo(hHh88^8`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhxx^x`OJQJ^Jo(hHohHH^H`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhxx^x`OJQJo(hHhHH^H`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHhhh^h`OJQJo(hHh88^8`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHohxx^x`OJQJo(hHhHH^H`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHhh^h`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohP P ^P `OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh``^``OJQJ^Jo(hHoh00^0`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJQJo(hHhl l ^l `OJQJo(hHh<<^<`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh||^|`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh ^`hH.h ^`hH.h pLp^p`LhH.h @ @ ^@ `hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h PLP^P`LhH.hHH^H`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh  ^ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohXX^X`OJQJo(hHh((^(`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHhh^h`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`o(.h^`OJQJo(hH pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.h^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJ^Jo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.\XkpIG]|H#zZ0eGQ{eEpZ@BGy"UGdIWNz]^QAK0kSVW+                                    K                                                                       K        F                                   ]$H\ddZ sTH\ddH\yyZ =~JphL 8 r ) ] mcml'&NZBYxl!G$'&aM&4&))k*H,[,s,{n0k1yE12U68l:6<u?,@ABAfBdCoDYFM$McBM HM O P dQp/UIUUY|Z{\$6]#_R`v`)Sberejlk)l\m1PnprsTt*uc+wxw:y;|ShB4"<\m+3H*5, { ST|1blsW PQl;i1m!X6|HVmXq,uOPCaJ,0;o50'TswiPS]lSTrGXTLkUD8[6Dn,%hhyOCP4.???@,?X@UnknownG* Times New Roman5Symbol3. * Arial5. *aTahoma?= * Courier New;WingdingsA BCambria Math"1hQs&Qs&d[Ħh 5 rh 5 r!4d>> 2qHP ?:y2!xxSociety for Neurosciencenickl Brad KeelorP            Oh+'0  , L X d p|nickl Normal.dotm Brad Keelor2Microsoft Office Word@ @@@NoYS@NoYSh 5՜.+,0 hp|  crdr >  Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefhijklmnqRoot Entry Fб/oSs1Table3WWordDocument4dSummaryInformation(_DocumentSummaryInformation8gCompObjy  F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q